]> Golgi membrane nuclear chromosome cell fraction integral to membrane of membrane fraction peripheral to membrane of membrane fraction lytic vacuole chromatin molecular_function cellular_component "extracellular" [] extracellular region collagen basement membrane extracellular space "protoplasm" [] intracellular cell membrane fraction soluble fraction insoluble fraction nucleus nuclear envelope nuclear inner membrane "perinuclear membrane" [] nuclear outer membrane "nuclear intermembrane space" [] "perinuclear space" [] nuclear envelope lumen chromosome nucleolus cytoplasm "mitochondria" [] mitochondrion mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondrial inner membrane "mitochondrial envelope lumen" [] mitochondrial intermembrane space mitochondrial matrix lysosome lysosomal membrane endosome vacuole vacuolar membrane vacuolar lumen peroxisome "peroxisome membrane" [] peroxisomal membrane peroxisomal matrix "ER" [] endoplasmic reticulum "ER lumen" [] "cisternal lumen" [] endoplasmic reticulum lumen "ER membrane" [] endoplasmic reticulum membrane microsome "ERGIC" [] "endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment" [] "pre-Golgi intermediate compartment" [] ER-Golgi intermediate compartment "Golgi complex" [] "Golgi" [] Golgi apparatus Golgi lumen Golgi-associated vesicle "cis Golgi network" [] cis-Golgi network "TGN" [] trans-Golgi network "lipid droplet" [] lipid particle centrosome "MTOC" [] "microtubule organising centre" [] microtubule organizing center spindle pole body spindle cytosol ribosome cytoskeleton microtubule actin filament "cell membrane" [] "cytoplasmic membrane" [] "plasmalemma" [] plasma membrane integral to plasma membrane plasma membrane lipid bilayer "physiological process" [] biological_process nucleoid chloroplast "plastid envelope lumen" [] plastid intermembrane space plastid "outer surface of cytoplasmic membrane" [] external side of plasma membrane internal side of plasma membrane basal plasma membrane "cell associated" [] "cell bound" [] "cell surface (sensu Magnoliophyta)" [] cell surface endosome membrane endomembrane system vesicle membrane actin cytoskeleton microtubule cytoskeleton membrane "transmembrane" [] integral to membrane "cytoplasmic membrane bound vesicle" [] cytoplasmic membrane-bound vesicle basolateral plasma membrane apical plasma membrane "complete virus particle" [] virion "peripheral membrane protein" [] extrinsic to membrane cell junction transport vesicle secretory granule cell envelope "RNA-protein complex" [] "RNP" [] "protein-RNA complex" [] "ribonucleoprotein" [] ribonucleoprotein complex cytoplasmic vesicle membrane synaptic vesicle membrane "rough ER membrane" [] rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane "smooth ER membrane" [] smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane nucleolar chromatin extracellular matrix organelle membrane intrinsic to membrane anchored to membrane intrinsic to endoplasmic reticulum membrane intrinsic to Golgi membrane intrinsic to nuclear inner membrane intrinsic to peroxisomal membrane intrinsic to external side of plasma membrane intrinsic to internal side of plasma membrane intrinsic to organelle membrane integral to organelle membrane intrinsic to endosome membrane intrinsic to mitochondrial inner membrane intrinsic to mitochondrial outer membrane intrinsic to nuclear outer membrane intrinsic to vacuolar membrane intrinsic to plastid membrane intrinsic to thylakoid membrane cytoplasmic vesicle endosome lumen peroxisomal lumen nuclear membrane mitochondrial membrane "organelle intermembrane space" [] organelle envelope lumen membrane-enclosed lumen envelope thylakoid lumen mitochondrial lumen nuclear lumen vesicle vesicle lumen "suborganelle compartment" [] organelle subcompartment Golgi cisterna "macromolecule complex" [] macromolecular complex protein-carbohydrate complex protein-DNA complex protein-lipid complex ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane "NE-ER continuum" [] "NE-ER network" [] "nuclear envelope-ER network" [] "nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum continuum" [] nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum network microbody vesicular fraction mitochondrial nucleoid plastid nucleoid presynaptic membrane cell projection "neuronal cell projection" [] neuron projection "cell body" [] cell soma lysosomal lumen organelle membrane-bound organelle non-membrane-bound organelle intracellular organelle intracellular membrane-bound organelle intracellular non-membrane-bound organelle organelle lumen protein complex extracellular matrix part extracellular region part organelle part intracellular part membrane part "chromosomal component" [] "chromosome component" [] "chromosome part" [] chromosomal part "nucleus component" [] nuclear part "mitochondrion component" [] mitochondrial part "cytoskeleton component" [] cytoskeletal part "Golgi component" [] Golgi apparatus part "ER component" [] endoplasmic reticulum part "vacuole component" [] vacuolar part microbody part "peroxisome component" [] peroxisomal part "endosome component" [] endosomal part "cytoplasm component" [] cytoplasmic part intracellular organelle part nuclear chromosome part synapse part plasma membrane part cell part lipid raft apical part of cell basal part of cell "synaptic junction" [] synapse postsynaptic membrane anchored to plasma membrane perinuclear region of cytoplasm symplast Those processes specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units- cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. Elemental activities, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions. The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. A chromosome found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. A generic term for parts of cells prepared by disruptive biochemical techniques. Integral to that fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes; require detergents, such as Triton X-100, to be released from membranes. PMID 10512869 Peripheral to that fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes; can be extracted from membrane fraction with high concentrations of salt or high pH. PMID 10512869 A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases. The ordered and organized complex of DNA and protein that forms the chromosome. The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. Any of the various assemblies in which collagen chains form a left-handed triple helix; may assemble into higher order structures. ISBN 0721639976 A thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. ISBN 0198547684 That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. ISBN 0198547684 The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that includes the plasma and other membranes. That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that is soluble in water. That fraction of cells, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods, that is not soluble in water. A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). ISBN 0198547684 The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope. The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes. ISBN 0198547684 The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide. A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. ISBN 0198547684 A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. ISBN 0198547684 A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope. The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty-acid oxidation." [GOC-as, ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 Any of a group of related cytoplasmic, membrane bound organelles that are found in most animal cells and that contain a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm. A membrane-bound organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol." [GOC-mtg_sensu, ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 A small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). ISBN 0815316194 The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome. The material contained within the membrane of a peroxisome; in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase. ISBN 0815316194 The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached)." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. ISBN 0198547684 The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum. Any of the small, heterogeneous, artifactual, vesicular particles, 50-150 nm in diameter, that are formed when some eukaryotic cells are homogenized and that sediment on centrifugation at 100000 g." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi transport. PMID 16723730 A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function- cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna of the Golgi apparatus. Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the side of the Golgi apparatus distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination. ISBN 0815316194 Any particle of coalesced lipids in the cytoplasm of a cell. May include associated proteins. A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. ISBN 0198547684 A region in a eukaryotic cell, such as a centrosome or basal body, from which microtubules grow. ISBN 0815316194 The microtubule organizing center in fungi; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome. ISBN 0879693568 The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. ISBN 0198547684 That part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. ISBN 0198547684 An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol- S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. PMID 16959967 ISBN 0198547684, Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. ISBN 0879693568 A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane." [GOC-mah, ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology PMID 10666339 ISBN 0198506732 The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. ISBN 0716731363 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. The phospholipid membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment, excluding intergral and associated proteins. The region of a bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the DNA is confined. ISBN 3540076689 A chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma. ISBN 0471245208 The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the plastid envelope. Any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid. ISBN 0198547684 The side of the plasma membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm. The side of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm. Part of the plasma membrane at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome. A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. ISBN 0395825172 The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. ISBN 0395825172 Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. ISBN 0815316194 Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane. A membrane-bound vesicle found in the cytoplasm of the cell. Part of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. Part of the plasma membrane at the apical end of the cell. The complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle. ISBN 0781718325 Loosely bound to one surface of a membrane, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region. A specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, and to destinations within or outside the cell. A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. ISBN 0198596732 Everything external to, but not including, the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present. A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules. The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle. The lipid bilayer surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The lipid bilayer surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The portion of nuclear chromatin associated with the nucleolus; includes the DNA encoding the ribosomal RNA. A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as in plants). The lipid bilayer surrounding an organelle. Located in a membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Tethered to a membrane by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid moiety, that is embedded in the membrane. When used to describe a protein, indicates that none of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane. Located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Located in the Golgi membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Located in the nuclear inner membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Located in the peroxisomal membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side opposite to the side that faces the cytoplasm. Located in the plasma membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane, with the bulk of the gene product located on the side that faces the cytoplasm. Located in an organelle membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of an organelle membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. Located in the endosome membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Located in the mitochondrial inner membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Located in the mitochondrial outer membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Located in the nuclear outer membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Located in the vacuolar membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Located in a plastid membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. Located in a thylakoid membrane such that some covalently attached portion of the gene product spans or is embedded in one or both leaflets of the membrane. A vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell. The volume enclosed by the membranes of an endosome. The volume enclosed by the membranes of a peroxisome. Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope. The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer, also includes the space between layers. The volume enclosed by a thylakoid membrane. The volume enclosed by the mitochondrial inner membrane. The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane or protein. The volume enclosed by the membrane or protein that forms a vesicle. A membrane-enclosed compartment that is a part of an organelle. Any of the thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which the constituent parts function together. A macromolecular complex containing both protein and carbohydrate molecules. A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules. A macromolecular complex containing both protein and lipid molecules. The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment system. PMID 16723730 The continuous network of membranes encompassing the outer nuclear membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. Cytoplasmic organelles, spherical or oval in shape, that are bounded by a single membrane and contain oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 Any of the small, heterogeneous, artifactual, vesicular particles that are formed when some cells are homogenized. The region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined. The region of a plastid to which the DNA is confined. A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane. A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. The volume enclosed within the lysosomal membrane. PMID 15213228 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. The volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear membrane lumen. Any protein group composed of two or more subunits, which may or may not be identical. Protein complexes may have other associated non-protein prosthetic groups, such as nucleic acids, metal ions or carbohydrate groups. Any constituent part of the extracellular matrix, the structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as often seen in plants). Any constituent part of the extracellular region, the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers constituent parts of the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. Any constituent part of an organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, but excludes the plasma membrane. Any constituent part of the living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. Any constituent part of a chromosome, a structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. Any constituent part of the nucleus, a membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. Any constituent part of a mitochondrion, a semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. Any constituent part of the cytoskeleton, a cellular scaffolding or skeleton that maintains cell shape, enables some cell motion (using structures such as flagella and cilia), and plays important roles in both intra-cellular transport (e.g. the movement of vesicles and organelles) and cellular division. Includes constituent parts of intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, and the microtrabecular lattice. Any constituent part of the Golgi apparatus, a compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. Any constituent part of the endoplasmic reticulum, the irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. Any constituent part of a vacuole, a closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Any constituent part of a microbody, a cytoplasmic organelle, spherical or oval in shape, that is bounded by a single membrane and contains oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Any constituent part of a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Any constituent part of an endosome, a membrane-bound organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation. Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. A constituent part of an intracellular organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton but excludes the plasma membrane. Any constituent part of a nuclear chromosome, a chromosome found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Specialized membrane domains composed mainly of cholesterol and sphingolipids, and relatively poor in polyunsaturated lipids such as glycerophospholipids. The formation of these membrane domains is promoted by the presence of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer- the rigid hexagonal rings of cholesterol can pack tightly against the saturated hydrocarbon chains of some membrane lipids, allowing these lipids to assemble into cohesive units floating in the mass of loosely packed polyunsaturated plasma membrane components. PMID 11880687 The apical region of a cell. The basal region of a cell. The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell; the site of interneuronal communication. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane." [ISBN-0198506732 "Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ISBN 0198506732 Tethered to the plasma membrane by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid moiety, that is embedded in the membrane. When used to describe a protein, indicates that the peptide sequence does not span the membrane. Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. The interconnected protoplasts of a plant. The interconnections occur via the plasmodesmata.